A Positive Approach to the Future Free Essays

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Years on movement free essay sample

What's more, as the years pass by he acquires information and is gradually changing into the man he is to become later on. Through every one of these stages his hands are his devices, as a youngster he learns by playing utilizing his hands and the material afterward on he picks up information through work. The significance of development is that it permits the kid to fabricate his muscle advancement I. e. his fine and gross engine aptitudes; he makes his muscles more grounded and permits them to accomplish more work for a more drawn out timeframe. It additionally assembles his physical quality and endurance. It permits the youngster to store pictures in is mind and permits him to store his encounters; the kid can build up his discourse and his comprehension. Development invigorates his faculties particularly at the youth level; the work is intended to cause the childs to notice the tangible properties 0T tne materlals sucn as slze, surface, shading, snape, welgnt, tne sound It makes. We will compose a custom paper test on A long time on development or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As he develops he figures out how to give more consideration and takes a gander at thing all the more unmistakably particularly little articles or subtleties in the condition that stands out for him and this permits him to acknowledge and learn through the earth and his hands, it lso construct his fixation level as he can focus on one material for a significant stretch of time and he kind of shuts the world at that point and concentrates on the picked material. As he learns o take a shot at his own on the materials whether they are hard or simple, he picks up freedom as he doesn't depend on the instructor to be there with him at all times, educator urges the youngster to move about, permits him to create and make his aptitudes more grounded, and permit him to commit errors and learn, if a kid falls he needs to figure out how to get up himself dust off and continue doing the action he does. He develops his self-assurance through development he feels that he can accomplish what he needs on the off chance that he Just makes a decent attempt and educators need to rouse them with the goal that they succeed. Furthermore, develops his higher confidence and with that comes more prominent capacity to assume responsibility if circumstances and to have a sense of safety, he creates certainty likewise through dexterity, parity and coordination. Advancement of control doesn't Just happen; it is the instructors or guardians Job to tell them the best way to be trained. This can happen just when the kid can focus on an article for a significant stretch of time and is so charmed in it that he oes not recognize what is happening around him, this activity ought to have a control of blunder, by taking part in such exercises the kid loosens up his psyche, gets quiet, cheerful and is occupied this makes the kid a trained kid. Advancement of will comes after improvement of fixation and this incorporates different exercises that empower communication among youngster and condition, the kid needs to settle on the choice himself and assume responsibility for his activities.

Essay Topics

Essay TopicsExtended Essay Topics is another important and functional area to be included in your essay writing. While you can write a short article of approximately twenty-five to thirty pages, when you extend the essay you can make it longer or shorter than the usual length. The key to writing an extended essay topic is to start with a topic that is interesting to you, find a way to use it effectively and keep in mind to keep your writing within the subject's gravity.One problem that writers face with their essays is the lack of a strong topic. While it's normal to feel that the topic must be related to the main body of the essay, this isn't always the case. You can use an extended essay topic to increase the interest in your essay, but be sure not to overuse it. Remember, you don't want to write a thesis statement or a long dissertation on one topic. Instead, try writing a short essay topic about a specific theme or subject.To build a topic out of one that interests you, think abo ut a topic that you enjoy. Perhaps you enjoyed watching the political debate on the current affairs television shows. Perhaps, you like the novel you're reading now and have been meaning to read it. Whatever your preferred topic, just go with it.There are many places where you can find articles about essay topics. Often they'll be in books, magazines or online articles. In fact, if you have something that interests you and has never been used in a formal essay, use it. Perhaps it will become a topic in the next book you read or even one day your own article.To find essay topics for extended topics, start by picking one topic that you want to explore further. Then, pick a topic that you feel you've gained something from. This may be something from the article itself, from any of the topics you have researched, or maybe a way to apply the concept in your daily life. Once you have one or more topics, then you can start writing about them. By writing about the topic in more depth, you g ain a greater understanding of the topic.When writing essay topics, it's important to remember that there are no hard and fast rules to what you can and cannot include in your essay. It's up to you as the writer to figure out what is most important to you. Take into consideration all of the topics that interest you, but keep them all within the essay's gravity. Do not stray too far from the original topic. A longer essay will lose your focus.Sometimes it is best to use essay topics in another part of the article, especially if you already have a great topic for the main article. However, by writing an extended essay topic that you already feel has value, you can make a stronger argument for it by breaking down the subject into smaller pieces. Writing the essay subject first can help you avoid making the mistake of writing a dissertation, or a thesis statement, or a thesis idea.

The Death Of A Brooklyn Shelter For Domestic Violence

Introduction Adriana, a 24 year old single mother in New York, found herself in a Brooklyn shelter for domestic violence victims with her infant daughter, not yet two. The separation from her abusive boyfriend left her with nothing. â€Å"I was trying to get a job, trying to get my life together,’’ she says. On the night of March 18, Adriana asked a friend to watch her daughter while she picked up some diapers from Target, but as she left the shelter, a staff member called the police since it was past curfew. Adriana was charged with endangering the welfare of a child, and the bail was set at $5,000. The prosecutor cited a history of violence and abuse, but failed to see that her boyfriend was responsible for the charges. Unfortunately, due to†¦show more content†¦Background and Evidence of the Problem One major problem facing American prisons are the extremely high incarceration rates. According to a report released by the National Research Council, â€Å"The US rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5-to 10-times higher than rates in Western Europe and other democracies.† (Zurcher, 2014, para. 3) Based on this report it is clearly illustrated that the incarceration rates are absurdly high in comparison to other major countries. Furthermore, strict sentencing laws and minor drug offences are a major contributor to America’s prison population. Miller writes, the US prison population grew by 700 percent due to an influx of drug arrests and tough sentencing laws. As of now 1.6 million people are behind bars in federal and state prison, leaving America with the largest prison population in the world (para. 11). With a 700 percent increase in prison population one question comes to mind. Does America have an increase in criminal act ivity compared to other countries? Despite the massive increase in incarcerations, crime has not increased significantly increased over the years, and prison doors are still clanking at an exorbitant rate. The increasing prison population is a complete

America After World War II - 1560 Words

Is it possible to know what Americans thought of World War II, if they believed that the war was a just war or whether they did not agree for what the United States was fighting for? The historian Studs Terkel believes he knows this answer and that Americans saw themselves as liberators of an oppressed world fighting for the just war which can be concluded from his famous volume, The Good War. Of course one person’s beliefs should not be believed as easily just by reading a book. A person should base their opinions on something much more analytical than that. In order to decide whether some Americans actually thought that World War II was a just war, a thorough analysis should be done of American life looking at all the facts found. Beginning with American experience before the war then analyzing the experience of the war and the home-front itself and finally ending with the analysis of America after World War II a conclusion can be made regarding the American point of view. A merican life prior to World War II may have not been the best from 1931-1939. Already in the Great Depression that started in 1929 people were left very discouraged and hopeless. In 1932 the economy was the worst it had ever been, it had hit rock bottom (p. 850). Many had lost their jobs and over 11 million Americans could not find work (p. 850). America was at its worst and people were hungry, suicide rates had risen and people were having less children than ever before. People’s reaction to theShow MoreRelatedSoon After World War Ii Ended, The United States Of America1782 Words   |  8 PagesSoon after World War II ended, the United States of America (U.S.A) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) entered the Cold War, an altercation between the two superpowers, which lasted over 40 years, due to their differing political systems; the U.S.S.R. was communist and the U.S.A. democratic (Alchin, 2017). In the late 1950s, the Space Race between the two superpowe rs begun with launch of Sputnik 1 by the U.S.S.R. in 1957 (Timeline of Space Exploration, 2009). On July 20 of 1969Read MoreTeam America: World Police1682 Words   |  7 PagesIn the aftermath of World War II, every nation of the world emerged mentally and, in some cases, physically altered. The physical affects of the Second World War spanning from Pearl Harbor to the battleground that made up most of Western Europe to Nagasaki and Hiroshima are visual pictures engrained in the minds of all, past and present, but the American ideology that these destructive images helped to give rise to would directly shape American domestic and foreign policy for approximately the nextRead MoreWorld War Ii and America944 Words   |  4 PagesThe world’s greatest war, World War II began in 1939 and lasted for almost six years. It was between two military alliances. On the axis powers were Japan, Germany and the Kingdom of Italy. While the allies were lead by United Kingdom, China, Soviet Union and The United States of America. America was not directly involved in the war in the early stages. The necessity increased after the fall of France, the Pearl Harbor incident but mainly when Hitler declared war on U.S. This led to America’s directRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War915 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I, also known as the Great War, was one of the most important and traumatic war in history. It left many countries in devastation and chaos. Countries involved in the war, like Europe and America promised to prevent any other future world war because of the millions lives taken and the destruction caused to the world in the previous war. However, peace was not enjoyed for long and after two decades, the Second World War began from the issues that were left unresolved from the previous conflictRead MoreAmerica and World War II Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pages Was World War II a Good War For America? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the most important wars ever fought was World War II. In the midst, the Nazis were in control of most of Europe, the Soviet Union was causing more deaths than any other country, and Japan had taken over parts of China. The United States of America was stuck in the middle of all this. They had to deal with the Nazis and deciding when to join the war, meanwhile, Japan was breathing down their necks with attacks. What wasRead MorePresident Truman Made A Nuclear Weapon1745 Words   |  7 Pagesin an effort to end World War II. World War II began on September 1,1939 and ended on September 2,1945 ending in an Allie victory. This world was fought primarily by the Axis Powers: Germany, Austria, Italy, and Japan and the Allie Powers: Great Britain, France, The USSR, and the United States. President Truman made a difficult decision to drop nuclear weapons on Japan, because the factors leading up to the war, the circumstances that had already happened during World War II, and because he simplyRead MoreAmerica During Ww II : A Turning Point1299 Words   |  6 PagesSarah Chi Turner U. S. History 2 May 2016 America in WW II: A Turning Point â€Å"Lots of things wrong with America, but Hitler ain’t going to fix them,† American GI and heavyweight Joe Louis once said in a 1942 interview about his choice to enlist in the army (Berkow). He was right. In the 1940s, America was in a slump; but, it was also the turning point for the start of a more prosperous era. In 1941, the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor, â€Å"a date which will live in infamy,† and catalyzed a seriesRead MoreGovernor Livingston High School : Sergeant Curtis Maddox : An Average American Soldier1731 Words   |  7 Pagesin World War II for two years by 1941. The two major powers in the war were the Axis Powers and the Allied Powers. Germany, Italy, and Japan were the key players in the Axis Powers. The Allied Powers chief countries were Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. America attempted to remain neutral, as it did not want to enter another world war, but on December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. This forced Americ a to declare war on Japan the next day. Germany and Italy then declared war onRead MoreThe Rise Of World War II Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II is usually associated with genocide, atomic bombs, and Hitler. Often times the positive outcomes that came from such a deadly war between nations is forgotten in the musk of death and power. The instability in Europe created by World War I, set stage for the rise of Hitler. Germany at the time was economically and politically unstable. Due to them being blamed for the first World War and the harsh consequences enforced by the Treaty of Versailles, it made it easier for Hitler to riseRead MoreThe American Dream and the Post War Era Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesAfter World War II, America had to take a step back and take a look at their country. The American Dream had been restored upon the atrocities of the war. In the 1930’s the American Dream was primarily focused on working hard, men providing for their families, a nd trying to rise from the depression. In the 1940’s, post World War II things changed and consumerism and feminism began to play a key role along with many other factors. There are many ways to describe the American dream and what aspects

Black Decker Essay Example For Students

Black Decker Essay Question 1: BD leads in two product segments, but trails in the third. Why?Answer: It seems from the case that there are several reasons why BD leads in Professional-Industrial and Consumer product segments, but trails in the Professional-Tradesmen segment. It is also clear from the tests performed by Black Decker that their products were at comparable, or even better at some cases, quality. Branded as Home Tools: It appears that professional-tradesmen did not want to use the same tools that housewives used at homes (Black Decker). Tradesmen viewed Black Decker tools more for home use than being subjected to demands of the job site. This was a perception issue that was hurting Black Decker big way. Distribution Channel: It is also evident from the data (Exhibit 2) that Black Decker lacked in capitalizing one of the most profitable distribution channels i.e. Membership Club. On the other hand, Makita who distributed its product through membership clubs, in which Black Decker did not take part in, proved to be very successful channel (85%) for Makita. Color: I believe that the unremarkable grey color did not help Black Decker. The color was another factor that was strongly linked to the Black Deckers image. The color factor was very clearly demonstrated by lab tests and also by the comments from professional-tradesmen. Multiple Segments: Black ; Decker was involved with three different segments Professional-Industrial, Professional-Tradesmen, and Consumer. On the other hand, Makita (who entered the market in 1978) focused on only one segment of the market while B;D focused on three. Question 2: Describe the salient psychological features of the tradesmans buying behavior (values need states). Answer: This is Tradesmen seem to believe that Black Deckers brand is for Consumer use only. They are well aware of the brand, but regard it as the brand that is more suitable for the tools used at home. As Black ; Decker holds about 45% of the consumer market, it has very good brand recognition. In a tradesmens mind the association of Black Decker with consumer segment is so high that they feel that Black Decker is for home use only and it is not rugged enough to be used professionally. Need:Strong tools, that can be used professionallyValue: They need to show up for work with tools that make them look professional. If they show up with Black Decker tools, it may not help in the value that they want to earn in professional environment. Image among other tradesmenColorQuestion 3: What are the salient strengths and weaknesses of the Makita and Milwaukee brands? Be sure to discuss each brands strengths and weaknesses. Answer:Makitas Strengths: Leadership position in almost all the products within Professional-Tradesmen segment. Leadership position in all distribution Channel types with in Professional-Tradesmen segment. This was pretty incredible to be in leadership position in almost all the distribution channels. Successful use of Membership Clubs channel, where BD doesnt even participate. This was one channel where Makita had 80% market share. Concentration on only one segment (Professional-Tradesmen). This provided Makita with focus on only one segment. Perception that Makita provides good baseline options in all major categories, and all other suppliers had particular product strengths. This believe among tradesmen was a major strength for Makita Brand. Makitas Weaknesses:One of the Makitas weaknesses was its bad relationship with retailers. Makita was quoted by retailers as arrogant and dictatorial. This could hurt its retail channel. Secondly Makitas products were priced at Premium over BD. This could be a weakness, as other competitors could easily sell below its price. .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b , .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .postImageUrl , .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b , .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b:hover , .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b:visited , .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b:active { border:0!important; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b:active , .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8e11bf0505fa4ea7f3be80e5eda45e4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Predjudice and Discrimination EssayAdditionally Makita didnt provide any Channel Protection. Same products were being sold via range of outlets including Membership Clubs. Milwaukees Strengths: Milwaukees strength was demonstrated by various survey results. They were:oRated best (80%) on one of the best Agreement Data surveyoRated high (95%) on the awareness scale, next to Black ; Decker (98%)oRated best on the Makes High-Quality Tools and Makes Durable/Rugged Tools (91%)Additionally, Milwaukees markets share in Professional-Industrial segment is at parity with BD. This shows Milwaukees competency in power tools. Milwaukee Weaknesses:Like Makita, Milwaukees products were also priced at Premium over BD. This could be a weakness, as competitors could sell under their price to capture the share. Data in exhibit 2 reveals that either Milwaukee was not participating in the Membership Club or was not very effective in it. Question 4: Describe the marketing options available to BD. What are the pros and cons of each?Answer:There are three marketing options available to BD. They are as following:Option 1: Harvest professional-Tradesmen ChannelsIn this option the strategy was to concentrate on the Consumer and Professional-industrial segments and only participate in Professional-Tradesmen segment for profitability. There was no emphasis on capturing the market share. Pros: In this option the focus will be on profitability only, not on market share. Better concentration on the Consumer and Professional-Industrial segmentsCons: Taking focus away from a big market (US Market Segment of $420MM) is not a good ideaProfitability is good, but BD should have a strategy to capture the market share. I think that Black Decker should not harvest Professional-Tradesmen channels because it was the fastest growing segment of the market at 9% rate. This segment would provide Black Decker with considerable amount of revenue. Option 2: Get Behind Black Decker Name with Sub-BrandingThe approach in this option is to get away from the core Black Decker brand and establish a new sub brand. Pros:This may differentiate the products to an extent where tradesmen can see it as a different product. This approach was successfully implemented with a circular blade (Piranha) at Black DeckerThis may be tried, as there was comparatively less financial cost involved, so the financial risk was limited. Cons:This may not differentiate the Products to the extent where tradesmen can see it as a different product. The problem here is to disassociate the Black Decker branding on these products. One needs to go farther away from the core of the Black and Decker brand and then only, a brand differentiation can be achieved. If not successful this may cause embarrassment in the retail channelsLinkage of aggressive objectives of doubling the Black Deckers Professional-Tradesmen segment share from 9% to about 20%Option 3: Drop the black ; Decker Name from the Professional-Tradesmen SegmentThis option talks about disassociating the Black ; Deckers brand name away from Professional-tradesmen segment and use a free standing Brand instead. Pros:This option would provide a proper disassociation from Black Decker brandIntroduction of a Black Deckers one of the stable brands (DeWalt) that has no negative association DeWalt got 70 % awareness rating. This in turn means that Black ; Decker will not have to spend money to establish a new brandDeWalt also achieved an One of the best agreement percentage of 63%Also scored 58% on the purchase interest by tradesmen in DaWalt-Serviced and Distributed by Black DeckerCons:It seems that every one at Black Decker takes a great pride in the #7 brand Power position of the Black Decker name. It will be a challenge to sell the option at Black Decker. Linkage of aggressive objectives of doubling the Black Deckers Professional-Tradesmen segment share from 9% to about 20%I strongly suggest that Joseph Galli should drop the Black and Decker name from the Professional-Tradesmen segment, sell the products in this category under the DeWalt brand and build more brand awareness for DeWalt

Introduction on Religion Religion is an important Essays

Introduction on Religion Religion is an important aspect on studies of early mental health practice. Religion is important to as many as 75% of the population, more profound and relevant with people over 65 years of age and older (Richards and Bergin, 1997). Religion plays a pivotal role on older adults, it becomes part of their identity and personality (Koenig, Siegler George, 1989). According to Koenig (1989), religion incorporates people's rituals, beliefs, and practices pertaining to the "transcendent." Which means, these beliefs relates to the supernatural and mystical elements of the world (Koenig, Siegler George, 1989). Religion is always practiced within a community, group, or cult. Religion is often organized and it incorporates beliefs, rules and regulations on the afterlife. Religion is unique in a sense that binds people in a community, who share the same beliefs and sentiments in solidarity. Religion could be measured relating the mental, physical, and emotional outcom es with humans who are believers of the supernatural world. Introduction on Spirituality Spirituality is considered more independent and open freely to the public. Unlike religion, not organized. It doesn't follow the Bible for rules, regulations, such as the Ten Commandments. Everyone has their own unique and special interpretation of what spirituality means to them. Considered vague by many researchers because the meaning of spirituality is constantly changing. Spirituality is very diverse because it doesn't only pertain to a belief in one God, it could relate to having an appreciation for nature, such as trees as a spiritual journey. Many people believe in different aspects of the afterlife. In some cultures, sun, rain, horses and pigs are considered "godly." Overall, it seems like in today's generation, people feel more associated with spirituality than religion because they feel like it's more of a judgment free zone. You don't have to follow guidelines, rules and regulations t o live your life, the way you want to live it. Variations of Religion StudyA thorough research study composed by Walker et al, within this study he followed a compare and contrast method with senior residents. The staff was comprised from different religious organizations and from 13 facilities, in which long-term care was provided. A survey was conducted with this researcher. The first group that Walker et al focused on was understanding religion from the Jewish perception. The Jewish residents all belonged to the same synagogue, in which the survey was conducted. The first task given was to identify 35 words that incorporates what Judaism personally means to each person. The five religious words that were repeated in the study were: Torah, heritage, social activism, Ten Commandments, and belief in one God. The Jewish residents defined spirituality as a deep connection with God. The five religious words that were repeated in the study for spirituality were: connection with God, app reciating other beliefs, understanding foundation of the afterlife, and meditation (Walker et al. August Spirituality and the Elderly: Survey of Staff and Residents From Long-Term Care Facilities, 1998).The second group Walker et al focused on was Christianity with Christian residents all above the age of 65. These residents were told to come up with 23 words that best described Christianity. Collectively speaking, they weren't able to successfully come to a group consensus. Instead the group put all their focus and attention on the obvious staple of Christianity. They all recognized that Christ was born, died, then rose from the dead. Second concept they demonstrated as a group, in order to live successful, live through Christ, one must show aspects of love and show compassion for the less unfortunate by doing charity work. The third concept they've all agreed that one must have a personal relationship and with Christ. That simply means one must pray daily and read scriptures of th e bible. Christianity heavily relies on the bible for words of encouragement, to follow basic rules and regulations of bible verses as a guide to live healthier lifestyles (Walker et al. August Spirituality and the Elderly: Survey of Staff and Residents From Long-Term Care Facilities, 1998).The third group Walker et al focused on was the perception of religion and spirituality with Caucasians. These residents immediately communicated with one another, verbally speaking. They came up with a

400 Million Years of Shark Evolution

400 Million Years of Shark Evolution If you went back in time and looked at the first, unremarkable prehistoric sharks of the Ordovician periodabout 420 million years agoyou might never guess that their descendants would become such dominant creatures, holding their own against vicious marine reptiles like pliosaurs and mosasaurs and going on to become the apex predators of the worlds oceans. Today, few creatures in the world inspire as much fear as the Great White Shark, the closest nature has come to a pure killing machineif you exclude Megalodon, which was 10 times bigger. Before discussing shark evolution, though, its important to define what we mean by shark. Technically, sharks are a suborder of fish whose skeletons are made out of cartilage rather than bone; sharks are also distinguished by their streamlined, hydrodynamic shapes, sharp teeth, and sandpaper-like skin. Frustratingly for paleontologists, skeletons made of cartilage dont persist in the fossil record nearly as well as skeletons made of bonewhich is why so many prehistoric sharks are known primarily (if not exclusively) by their fossilized teeth. The First Sharks We dont have much in the way of direct evidence, except for a handful of fossilized scales, but the first sharks are believed to have evolved during the Ordovician period, about 420 million years ago (to put this into perspective, the first tetrapods didnt crawl up out of the sea until 400 million years ago). The most important genus that has left significant fossil evidence is the difficult-to-pronounce Cladoselache, numerous specimens of which have been found in the American midwest. As you might expect in such an early shark, Cladoselache was fairly small, and it had some odd, non-shark-like characteristicssuch as a paucity of scales (except for small areas around its mouth and eyes) and a complete lack of claspers, the sexual organ by which male sharks attach themselves (and transfer sperm to) the females. After Cladoselache, the most important prehistoric sharks of ancient times were Stethacanthus, Orthacanthus, and Xenacanthus. Stethacanthus measured only six feet from snout to tail but already boasted the full array  of shark features: scales, sharp teeth, a distinctive fin structure, and a sleek, hydrodynamic build. What set this genus apart were the bizarre, ironing-board-like structures atop the backs of males, which were probably somehow used during mating. The equally ancient Stethacanthus and Orthacanthus were both fresh-water sharks, distinguished by their small size, eel-like bodies, and odd spikes protruding from the tops of their heads (which may have delivered jabs of poison to bothersome predators). The Sharks of the Mesozoic Era Considering how common they were during the preceding geologic periods, sharks kept a relatively low profile during most of the Mesozoic Era,  because of intense competition from marine  reptiles like ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. By far the most successful genus was Hybodus, which was built for survival: this prehistoric shark had two types of teeth, sharp ones for eating fish and flat ones for grinding mollusks, as well as a sharp blade jutting out of its dorsal fin to keep other predators at bay. The cartilaginous skeleton of Hybodus was unusually tough and calcified, explaining this sharks persistence both in the fossil record and in the worlds oceans, which it prowled from the Triassic to the early Cretaceous periods. Prehistoric sharks really came into their own during the middle Cretaceous period, about 100 million years ago. Both Cretoxyrhina (about 25 feet long) and Squalicorax (about 15 feet long) would be recognizable as true sharks by a modern observer; in fact, theres direct tooth-mark evidence that Squalicorax preyed on dinosaurs that blundered into its habitat. Perhaps the most surprising shark from the Cretaceous period is the recently discovered Ptychodus, a 30-foot-long monster whose numerous, flat teeth were adapted to grinding up tiny mollusks, rather than large fish or aquatic reptiles. After the Mesozoic After the dinosaurs (and their aquatic cousins) went extinct 65 million years ago, prehistoric sharks were free to complete their slow evolution into the remorseless killing machines we know today. Frustratingly, the fossil evidence for the sharks of the Miocene epoch (for example) consists almost exclusively of teeththousands and thousands of teeth, so many that you can buy yourself one on the open market for a fairly modest price. The Great White-sized Otodus, for example, is known almost exclusively by its teeth, from which paleontologists have reconstructed this fearsome, 30-foot-long shark. By far the most famous prehistoric shark of the Cenozoic Era  was Megalodon, adult specimens of which measured 70 feet from head to tail and weighed as much as 50 tons. Megalodon was a true apex predator of the worlds oceans, feasting on everything from whales, dolphins, and seals to giant fish and (presumably) equally giant squids; for a few million years, it may even have preyed on the equally ginormous whale Leviathan. No one knows why this monster went extinct about two million years ago; the most likely candidates include climate change and the resulting disappearance of its usual prey.

An Overview Of John Bergers Article Ways Of Seeing

An Overview Of John Berger's Article Ways Of Seeing John Berger wrote an article entitled Ways of Seeing . In this article of his, he imposes his opinion of works of art , what constitutes a work of art. He also talks about reproductions of art. His perception of reproductions is that they pervert the original piece, and that by reproduction the beauty and value of the piece is taken away, that the piece is not the same because it does not represent anymore what the artist originally intended. I do not agree with Berger. I do not see reproductions of art to be perversions of the original, and I also do not agree with his outline for a work of art . Reproduction allows people to see something they might never have, they allow the artist to gain more exposure, whereas if there had been no reproduction, only a handful of people might have seen it. As to what a work of art is, that is something I believe to be totally up to the observer. What one may perceive to be beautiful, an opinion perhaps brought on by personal experiences, another may not see the same way. A work of art I truly enjoy and respect is Salvador Dali s Table with Landscape . The joy of the painting for me comes from the intricacies that Dali weaves into the painting. The painting has many levels to it, a succession of realizations occur if the painting is studied long enough. When I first saw this painting, I saw a cup on a table, with a lot of scenery in the background. I do not consider myself someone who appreciates art in any particular form, so at first all I saw was a bland table with a cup on it. When I looked closer however, I began to see much more to the picture. The neck of the cup seemed to be part of a face, the mouth and nose of the face lying in the table. The scenery that I had previously disregarded as unimportant revealed itself to be much more. At the very top of the painting was a mountain landscape, and below it, mixed into the scenery, standing behind the cup on the table, was a dog! A dog? I said. Why on earth would Dali put a dog in his painting, and moreover, why would we make it such a concealed part of the painting. I did not understand at first Dali s reasoning for this strange painting, but as soon as I let go of my confusions, the painting started to make sense to me. I no longer cared what the painting had meant to Dali when he was painting it, but rather I was interested in what the painting meant to me. Perhaps this was wrong of me to totally disregard the painter s initial reason for creating the picture, but what concerned me most was the idea of the painting that was taking shape in my mind. I saw the painting as a part of my mind, seemingly one huge mass of thoughts and ideas thrown together making completely no sense. But when I looked closer, I could pick out individual parts of the painting. The parts might not have been related, but never the less they were separate. I found that my mind was the same way. It was a huge mass of ideas thrown together, but if I took the time to think, I could separate all the diff erent things I was thinking, and individually they all made sense. This is something I would do when I am confused, if there is too much going on in my head that it seems it is all one big mess, I take the time to separate the ideas and I slowly begin to understand my situation better. When I tell people about this painting and what it means to me, they often have no idea of what I could possibly mean, but the fact that they don t understand me is inconsequential, because the painting is special to me for my own reasons, and that is what is important to me. Before in this essay, I referred to Dali s painting as a work of art . What is a work of art ? Who determines what is or is not a work of art ? Berger talks about works of art , mainly when he refers to common paintings that most people recognize by name. Is this to imply that a piece of art has to be well known in order to be considered a work of art ? What about before these works of art were famous. They were merely canvases filled with paint, the same as they are today, yet at the time when they were produced, they were not immediately considered revolutionary and inspirational for their time. It took people to who had the means to view these paintings to give them such a distinction. Once again, I will repeat, people who had the means. The poor people of the time could not afford such luxuries to view pieces of art, so a painter obtained his praise from the high class solely, and only once the painting was famous enough to gain exposure could the lower class see it and make thei r own judgements, too late of course since the piece had already been dubbed a work of art and was revered. The fact that the piece was considered a work of art by one group may mean nothing to another person. This is because what one person may see to be an example of beauty in a painting, another person might have a different opinion. That is why I say a work of art is completely in the eye of the beholder, that is, art is a personal thing and we cannot expect a person to see exactly what we see, and appreciate it the same way as we may. Berger is strongly against reproduction of art. He says it perverts the original piece and takes away from its meaning. I cannot totally disagree with Berger that the idea of art may change with other people s perceptions, but I cannot agree with him that it is necessarily a bad thing. With the reproduction comes the void of what the painting means. The artist is no longer always there to tell you what he felt when painting that specific piece. That however, is to me the beautiful part of art. Being able to interpret the painting for your own reasons is a freedom that allows us to be creative. Berger argues that this sense of understanding the painting is called mystification (Berger, 108). It is nothing less than the painting working upon us (Berger, 109). He considers the artist to be a seducer, to make us think we understand the painting. Well then, which is it, do we understand the painting or don t we? It is true that we cannot understand the painter s perspective from looking a t the painting itself, but we can understand the painting for our own reasons, based on our own experiences. In the painting I described earlier, there are many possibilities as to what someone s first interpretation might be, or what would be the first thing they saw in the painting. I myself initially saw a cup on a table, but someone else might see the face in the cup first, or the dog in the background. All these reasons are because the painting means something different to each person. Also, would other people see all the aspects of the painting as I did, or would they merely see one thing surrounded by a massive amount of random items in the painting that seem to have no connection. The fact is, it does not matter. The way I interpret the painting will most probably be different from someone else s interpretation, that is because we look for different things in the painting. Our minds are stimulated in different ways. If we were not allowed to see the painting in our own light , if we were forced to see what the painter had originally intended, then our creative forces would be crippled, and our own ideas would mean nothing. In reality, our own ideas mean everything to us, they make us who we are, allow us to think freely, and draw our own conclusions. As I said, I do not believe a work of art can be decided upon by a small group of people, because then only their points of view are considered when making the decision. Berger was entitled to his own opinion on art reproduction. His own opinion is valid purely for the fact that it is his opinion and cannot be proven wrong by anyone because a person s opinion is his or her own idea, not a true or false statement.

Tectonic work on Troppo and Glen Murcutt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tectonic work on Troppo and Glen Murcutt - Essay Example Tectonics was developed in response to a discussion set by Phenomenology. The idea was mainly used as a means for criticizing the modern technology. Tectonic architecture forms parables to other building constructions, and corresponds to values other than a scientific conceptual sphere. Tectonic architecture uses techniques of bearing structure to develop associations and Experiences1. Tectonics of industrial production and cultural Mass-production has led to building culture giving reputation to general standards and homogeneity to satisfy the final customer. With the computer era, the Computers have changed the means of working with building projects and architecture during the past. Troppo and Glen Murcutt are two architects whose work has been based on tectonic designs and one cannot fail to admit that they have some of the most outstanding designs from this form of architecture. Murcutt tectonic architecture Glenn Murcutt is one of the most famous people when it comes to the stu dy of architect designs on the tectonic platform. One cannot fail to recognize the talent bestowed upon him from his designs. One of his early designs in the late 1980’s that intrigues me by its simplicity yet remains to be an explicit design is the "Ball-East away House", at Glenore, Sydney2. This was a single story house with a beam platform. The house was made entirely out of steel frame with its side walls having timber. This is considered to be one of the greatest buildings to be ever designed in its time. An ordinary individual may fail to see the beauty behind the designed, but as architecture, every inch of the house designs is superb. Glenn had tectonics design in mind when he took his time to design the house. To begin with, Glenn has always had a tradition of using lightweight materials that would allow the design to come out alive. This is because lightweight materials are easy to bend to fit the design. Glenn uses corrugated iron sheet roof top because it would b e easier to form the curved roof structure. This aside he uses wood for the walls and floor because wood is light and easier to deal with as opposed to concrete, bricks or stones. Tectonics is all about merging ideas. Glenn constructs a modern design in a rural area and to ensure that the house is safe from natural forces such as water, the floor is raised and made of wood. In this design, Murcutt manages to blend in myriad details that make the final product a wonderful piece of art. This was a very nice building. Another of Glenn’s greatest tectonic designs of all times is that of the Magney house. This is one of the buildings that he explores the use of mass as an option based on the landscape. Murcutt has always used lightweight materials because they are very easy to work with and they create space even on very small lands. However, in the Magney house, he needed to create some caving and that made the use of mass necessary because they are larger. Their size gives room for play as opposed to thin materials. Glenn takes pleasure in playing with mass and light weight. In the Magney house he creates the cave by using mass for the walls and uses steel frame for the roof plane. This creates the sense of a floating roof3. In the sitting room, Glenn purposes the house for shelter and prospect by making it abstracted. He uses a parasol roof with clustered spaces taking the form of caves and a stretched plain flour. A similar design to this was that of the Laurie short

Human biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human biology - Essay Example Changes in hormone levels can create poor oocyte quality. Controlling blood levels are also determining factors used to time oocyte retrieval and increase the number of oocytes that are retrieved (2005). The three hormones that can be tested so the best time for oocyte retrieval are LH (Luteinizing Hormone), oestradiol and progesterone. An increase of LH is an important variable as it is an indicator that ovulation has begun and that the release of an oocyte has already begun. Many times if the LH levels are high, the possibility of retrieving mature eggs may be difficult, which is why most LH surges will delay the process of IVF. Oestradiol stimulates the lining of the uterus, making it ready for the arrival of the embryo (2005). The longer the oestradiol level rises the more mature the eggs will be. The problem with measuring the oestradiol levels is that they vary from person to person. This variance can make it difficult to measure whether it is appropriate to have a high or increased oestradiol levels for four days as opposed to eleven days. Also, one level may be considered high for one person, but low for another. Progesterone developed when the presence of LH increases and when oestradiol has readied the lining of the uterus for the embryo. This means that the presence of progesterone is acceptable during the process. However, levels that are considered too high for a particular patient are an indication that the quality of the eggs are poor. 'The woman's reproductive system is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian axis'(1998). "Neurons that secrete GnRH in the preoptic and arcuate nucleus areas and stimulate the production of follicle-stimulating and LH, which can in turn create oestradiol and progesterone'(1998). The presence of follicle is an indication that eggs are being produced and possibly mature. The more follicles that are present, the higher the oestradiol levels. The advantage of stimulating follicular development increases the likelihood of pregnancy as the uterus is ready and eggs are more likely to be mature and of good quality. Multiple oocytes are likely to be also. Based on the figures present, it is clear that during normal cycles, the levels of LH, oestradiol and progesterone are affected. These hormonal levels are particularly affected by the presence of hormones. Hormonal levels are decreased with the use of certain steroids. Hormonal levels are much higher with treatments. Any hormone that stimulates ovulation is likely to increase the risk of multiple births. This is the case because ovulation inducement can create a "polyfollicular response," which increases the risk for multiple births as more than one egg is released (2004). IVF is known among the medical community to decrease the risk of unwanted multiple births. IVF is works effectively because the doctor and patient have a great amount of control over the process. IVF allows the physician to actually control the number of embryos that he/she implants. The fact that the process is so controlled increases the success rate of pregnancy even though only one embryo is implanted. REFERENCES Gemzell, Carl, 2004, Gonadotrophins and Steroid Hormones, viewed 06/13/2004, www.tylermedicalclinic.com Gleider, Norbert, August 1 2004, Limiting Embryo

Advantages of Employing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy :: Psychology, Anxiety

Advantages of Employing CBT Fundamentally, CBT is a collaborative project between patient and therapist. In CBT, both patient and therapist are as active as each other. Patients are helped by the therapist to attain knowledge of their problem, in terms of the real experience of the problem and also the ways by which it interacts with and affects their lives. Therapist and patient both collaborate to find the best explanation for the situation and solution to the problem (Haaga & Beck, 1992). CBT therapists are actively engaged with their patients. It is believed that they may talk with their patients more than other therapeutic approaches (Graham, 2005). Another advantage of CBT is that it is a problem-oriented approach (Westbrook, Kennerley, & Kirk, 2007). In CBT, problems are addressed in a practical way and not in ambiguous or general terms. There is a focus on an achievable outcome and goal. Therapy is designed to tackle that specific problem rather than trying to solve all the problems at once. Goals should be ‘SMART’, i.e. be: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and have a Time farm (a date for completion) (Beck et al, 1979). Examples of the real life experience will clarify the situation. For example, if patient suffers from depression, the therapist would ask he/she to describe exactly how he/ she feels and how this problem has affected his/her life. It helps the patient identify the underlying reason to why certain behaviours occur or why the feelings are there. Compared to most psychological therapeutic approaches, CBT is more structured (Brewin, 1996).For example in the beginning of each session the therapist and patient would set an agenda for what they should do in the session and they would try to stick to it. Another benefit of employing CBT could be the fact that there is the relative lack of side effects which medications would cause (March et al, 2004). One of the main advantages of CBT is that this approach is time-limited and brief. It is usually between six to twenty sessions (Fairburn et al, 1987). Since CBT is time-limited, the patient is aware of this limitation and this may result in developing more motivation in the patient. On the other hand, by observing quick changes and progresses, the patient would be more encouraged and motivated and optimistic about the outcome of therapy. Because CBT is short term so it is more cost effective for both patient and therapist.

Biochemistry perspective Essay

Diabetes is an ailment which is caused due to high amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. The main reason for high glucose levels in blood is due to the inability of body to utilize it properly. Glucose comes from the digestion of sugar and foods rich in carbohydrates that enable the liver to create glucose. The high concentration level of glucose in blood is termed as Hyperglycemia. In 1910, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer suggested people with diabetes were deficient in a single chemical that was normally produced by the pancreas. He proposed calling this substance insulin. The term is derived from the Latin insula, meaning island, in reference to the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce insulin. (Patlak, 2002) Insulin: An Introduction Insulin is a polypeptide containing 51 amino acids arranged in two chains. The chain A contains 21 amino acids and chain B contains 30 residues. These two chains are cross linked by two sulphur bridges by cysteine residues. Insulin is formed by proteolytic cleavage of its 84 amino acid prescursor Proinsulin. Insulin has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. It has the molecular formula C257H383N65O77S6. Insulin structure varies slightly between species. Its carbohydrate metabolism regulatory function strength in humans also varies. Porcine which is pig insulin is close to humans. The image above is computer-generated image of insulin hexamers. The zinc ions holding it together and the histidine residues are involved in zinc binding. Insulin Action A pharmacological action of insulin includes carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, lipid metabolism and other actions. Insulin increases the use of sugar in the tissue and stimulates transportation of glucose into the cells. Insulin also stimulates protein synthesis and growth. It increases synthesis of messenger RNA and decreases gluconeogenesis. A gluconeogenesis is a formation of glucose from glycogen. It also increases amino acid uptake in the muscle. In adipose tissues, insulin increases fatty acid synthesis, glycerol phosphate synthesis and triglyceride deposition. Other action of insulin includes prevention of ketone boy formation and increases potassium uptake. After the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cell into the interstitial compartment, it enters the circulation after crossing endothelial barrier. Insulin action effect at the cellular level is achieved by activating and suppressing the activity of enzyme. It can also be achieved by changing the rate of synthesis of enzymes at the level of transcription and translation. Insulin stimulate glucose uptake into fat cells by glucose transporters. Glucose transporters are small vesicles which contain specific protein macromolecules. Insulin increases the rate of fusion of these vesicles with the plasma membrane, and activates the transporters to transfer glucose across the plasma membrane into the cell. Insulin synthesize hoxokinase, an enzyme which phosporylates glucose as soon as it enters the cell. Insulin is an anabolic hormone. It encourages the storage of fats and the synthesis of proteins. Each receptor of insulin contain a pair of alpha subunits, which are located on the outer surface of the membrane, and a pair of beta subunits which crosses the membrane and stick out at both the outer and inner surfaces. Both alpha and beta subunits are held together by disulphide (S-S) bonds to form an aggregate. In humans, the insulin receptor gene is located on chromosome 19. Insulin binds to the receptor at a specific site on the alpha subunit. This causes increased phosphorylation of the receptor by ATP, mostly tyrosine residues of the intracellular portion of the beta subunit. Increased phophorylation of these tyrosine residues activates the beta subunit to function as a kinase enzyme. Some intracellular effects of insulin that occur after insulin-receptor binding may be mediate through nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins) a family of proteins associated with the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Cyclic AMP also has some intracellular effects of insulin. The major function of insulin is to counter the concerted action of a number of hyperglycemia-generating hormones and to maintain low blood glucose levels. Because there are numerous hyperglycemic hormones, untreated disorders associated with insulin generally lead to severe hyperglycemia and shortened life span. In addition to its role in regulating glucose metabolism, insulin stimulates lipogenesis, diminishes lipolysis, and increases amino acid transport into cells. Insulin also modulates transcription, altering the cell content of numerous mRNAs. It stimulates growth, DNA synthesis, and cell replication, effects that it holds in common with the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and relaxin. Specific protease activity cleaves the center third of the molecule, which dissociates as C peptide, leaving the amino terminal B peptide disulfide bonded to the carboxy terminal A peptide. Insulin secretion from beta cells is principally regulated by plasma glucose levels. Increased uptake of glucose by pancreatic b-cells leads to a concomitant increase in metabolism. The increase in metabolism leads to an elevation in the ATP/ADP ratio. This in turn leads to an inhibition of an ATP-sensitive K+ channel. The net result is a depolarization of the cell leading to Ca2+ influx and insulin secretion. In fact, the role of K+ channels in insulin secretion presents a viable therapeutic target for treating hyperglycemia due to insulin insufficiency. Insulin, secreted by the beta-cells of the pancreas, is directly infused via the portal vein to the liver, where it exerts profound metabolic effects. These effects are the response of the activation of the insulin receptor which belongs to the class of cell surface receptors that exhibit intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity as shown in the figure. Insulin produces its action through specific insulin receptors which consist of two subunits ? and ?. Insulin receptor complex then initiates a chain of biochemical reaction involving cAMP, protein phosphorylase, protein kinase, phosphatase and lipase. A diabetic condition result when receptor of insulin is desensitization. Therefore, Insulin is used medically in diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on insulin (commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because they make no hormone. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have either low insulin production or insulin resistance or both. Therefore, they require insulin administration when other medications become inadequate in controlling blood glucose levels. Actions of insulin-insulin receptor interactions at the level of IRS1 and activation of the kinase cascade leading to altered activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. The insulin receptor is a heterotetramer of 2 extra cellular alpha-subunits disulfide bonded to 2 transmembrane beta-subunits. With respect to hepatic glucose homeostasis, the effects of insulin receptor activation are specific phosphorylation events that lead to an increase in the storage of glucose with a concomitant decrease in hepatic glucose release to the circulation. Only those responses at the level of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are represented. This image shows Insulin-insulin receptor actions on glycogen homeostasis showing the role of protein targeting glycogen, PTG in complex formations involving many of the enzymes and substrates together. Also diagrammed is response of insulin at the level of glucose transport into cells via GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. GS/GP kinase = glycogen synthase: glycogen phosphorylase kinase. PPI = protein phosphatase inhibitor. Arrows denote either direction of flow or positive effects, T lines represent inhibitory effects. In most nonhepatic tissues, insulin increases glucose uptake by increasing the number of plasma membrane glucose transporters: GLUTs. Glucose transporters are in a continuous state of turnover. Increases in the plasma membrane content of transporters stem from an increase in the rate of recruitment of new transporters into the plasma membrane, deriving from a special pool of preformed transporters localized in the cytoplasm. GLUT1 is present in most tissues, GLUT2 is found in liver and pancreatic b-cells, GLUT3 is in the brain and GLUT4 is found in heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. In liver glucose uptake is dramatically increased because of increased activity of the enzymes glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase (PK), the key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis. Lack of Insulin Usually the inefficiency and lack of insulin are bracketed together, as both situations result in diabetes. There are two types of diabetes, diabetes insipidus and diabetes melitus, which is by far, the most common. Diabetes mellitus in turn has two types: Type 1, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM Type 1 is characterized by decreased productions of insulin so must be treated with insulin. It is most often found in children and adolescents. Type 2, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes melitus, NIDDM Type 2 is caused by either decreased insulin production or abnormal cell sensitivity to the insulin that is present. It may be treated with diet alone, with oral hypoglycemic agents, or with insulin. It is more commonly diagnosed in adults. (Perspective Press, 240-43) Insulin does not cure diabetes. It is merely a treatment for the diabetes. Over time, many complications can occur in diabetic patients taking insulin. Some of these are coronary heart diseases, peripheral vascular diabetes, eye disorders, renal failure, and limb amputations. Because of reduced circulation and nerve damage, diabetic patients are essentially prone to developing foot ulcers, a major cause of amputations. They are able to feel foot infections, which allow it to grow and cause permanent damage. Proper foot care is essential and includes avoiding injuries oral restricting circulations, cleaning wounds, controlling infections, relieving weight from the ulcer area, and improving circulation. A new genetically engineered drug, becaplermin, promotes the healing process in diabetic foot ulcer. Lack of insulin or ineffectiveness of it may trigger some response from the body. The predominant tissue responding to signals that indicates fluctuating blood glucose levels is the liver. One of the most important functions of the liver is to produce glucose for circulation. Both elevated and reduced levels of blood glucose trigger hormonal responses to initiate pathways designed to restore glucose homeostasis. Low blood glucose triggers release of glucagon from pancreatic Alpha-cells. High blood glucose triggers release of insulin from pancreatic Beta-cells. In elderly people pancreas either fails or does not secrete right amount of insulin. In this patient insulin per injection becomes drug of choice when oral antidiabetics have failed. Insulin was also used to induce shocks in schizophrenics. Insulin secretion is controlled by concentrations circulating glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, various hormones and neuron-transmitter agents. In the fasting state, when glucose concentrations are low, insulin secretion is minimal. As glucose concentrations rise after the utilizing carbohydrates meal the raised glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion. Insulin resistance develops over time. Therefore, doses have to be increased. This occurs because of the development of insulin antibodies in the blood. This also can be somewhat corrected by changing the type of insulin injection and by giving cortiscosteroids which are immunity suppressant drugs. Yet, it also produces negative effect by increasing blood sugar and this is why they are not used. Types of Insulin There are many types of insulin and many salt forms of it. It can be derived synthetically of from different animal sources such as beef and pork. There is now genetically engineered human insulin available. Different insulin differs in the onset of action and the duration of action. Some are mixed together to achieve a desired effect such as a quick onset but a longer duration of action. The most common mixtures is regular insulin with NPH insulin (70units NPH and 30 units regular insulin per milliliter) The different categories of insulin’s are: 1. Short-acting insulin types: regular insulin (crystalline zinc insulin), semilente insulin (prompt insulin zinc suspension), insulin lipsor; 2. Intermediate – acting insulin types: NPH (isophane insulin suspension) and linte insulin (insulin zinc suspension); 3. Long-acting insulin types: PZI (protamine zinc insulin suspension) and ultralente insulin (extended insulin zinc suspension). Administration Insulin is injection instead of giving orally because it is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Also, the molecule is too large to be absorbed by the intestinal membrane. Therefore, injection of soluble crystalline insulin is given by subcutaneous injection which is quickly absorbed. Peak effects of insulin are achieved quickly and also excreted quickly within a few hours. However some insulin such as simelente is absorbed slowly. The peak is reached slowly and is sustained. This type of insulin excretion is also very slow and sometimes partly destroyed by insulinase enzyme in the liver. Controlling glucose level with insulin injections is a complex task since: a) Glucose concentrations fluctuate based on food ingestion. b) Cell sensitivity to insulin changes. Exercise increases sensitivity while stress, pregnancy, and some drug decrease insulin sensitivity. As a result some diabetic patients take multiple injections for a short-acting insulin preparation to produce peaks in insulin concentrations and a long acting formulation to establish a baseline concentration. Variable rate infusion pumps are also used. Patients who use insulin need to be instructed on the rotation method of taking their medication. Insulin is absorbed more rapidly with administration in the arm or thigh, especially with exercise. The abdomen is used for more consistent absorption. Glucose levels should be checked as per physician orders. All insulin must be checked for expiration date and clarity of the solution. Insulin should not be given if it appears cloudy. Vials should not be shaken but rotated in between the hands to mix contents. If regular insulin is to be mixed with NPH or lente insulin, the regular insulin should be drawn into the syringe first. Unopened vials should be stored in the refrigerator, and freezing should be avoided. The vial in use can be stored at room temperature. Vials should not be put in glove compartments, suitcase, or trunks. Humulin is a new type of insulin and is often the patient’s preference because it can be taken orally. It is imperative that the physician be called if any adverse reactions to the medications are observed. (Jahangir Moini, P 150-154) Undesirable Effects Insulin The main undesirable effect of insulin is hypoglycemia. This is common, and can cause brain damage. Intensive insulin therapy results in a threefold increase in severe hypoglycemia. The treatment of hypoglycemic is to take a sweet drink or snack, or, if the patient is unconscious, to give intravenous glucose (50% w/v solution) or intramuscular glucagon. Rebound hypergly (Somogyi effect) can follow excessive insulin administration. This results from the release of the insulin-opposing or counter-regulatory hormones in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This can cause hypercemia before breakfast following an unrecognized hypoglycemic attack during sleep in the early hours of the morning. It is essential to recognize this possibility to avoid the mistake of increasing (rather than reducing) the dose of insulin in this situation. Allergy to insulin is unusual but may take the form of local or systemic reactions. Severe insulin resistance as a consequence of antibody formation is rare. A high tire of circulating anti-insulin antibodies is more likely to occur with bovine than with porcine insulin. Note, however, that virtually all patients treated with animal insulin have antibodies against the hormone, albeit usually flow. Human insulin is less immunogenic than animal insulin but may still evoke an antibody response, since the source of the hormone is not the only determinant of immunogenicity; insulin undergo physical changes before and after injection which can increase their potential for provoking an immune response. (HP Rang et al, 200-270) References 1. Patlak M. 2002. â€Å"New weapons to combat an ancient disease: treating diabetes†. Available on http://www. fasebj. org/cgi/content/full/16/14/1853e 2. Perspective Press. 2003. â€Å"The Pharmacy Technician† 1st edition: Morton Publishers. P 240- 243. 3. Jahangir Moini. 2005. â€Å"Comprehensive Exam Review for the Pharmacy Technician†: Thomson Delmar. P 150-154 4. H. P. Rang, M. Maureen Dale, James M. Ritter, Philip Moore. 2001. â€Å"Pharmacology†: Churchill Livingstone. P 200-270

Conflict in Organizations, Good or Bad - 2729 Words

Conflict in organizations is not bad. Discuss. Organizational conflict is a state of discord caused by an actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together. Conflict takes many forms in organizations. There is the inevitable clash between formal authority and power and those individuals and groups affected. There are disputes over how revenues should be divided, how the work should be done and how long and hard people should work (team and relationship conflict). There are jurisdictional disagreements among individuals, executives, managers, teams, departments, and between unions and management. There are subtler forms of conflict involving rivalries, jealousies, personality†¦show more content†¦When a bad conflict worsens it becomes an ugly conflict. Ugly conflicts occurs where the manager (and perhaps employees) attempt to eliminate or suppress conflict in situations where it is impossible to do so. Ugly conflicts in organizations occur when: conflicts run for years, people have given up on resolving and addressing conflict problems, there is a good deal of private â€Å"bitching† and complaining but little attempt to fix the problem and when staff show little interest in working to achieve common goals, but spend more time and energy on protecting themselves Under these circumstances there is a tendency to look to the manager or formal leader as being responsible for the mess. In fact, that is how most employees would look at the situation. It is true that managers and supervisors play critical roles in determining how conflict is handled in the organization, but it is also true that the avoidance of these ugly conflicts must be a shared responsibility. Management and employees must work together in a cooperative way to reduce them, and increase the likelihood that conflict can be channeled into an effective force for change. The functional (good) view of organizational conflict sees conflict as a productive force, one that can stimulate members of the organization to increase their knowledge and skills, and their contribution to organizational innovation and productivity. Unlike the position mentionedShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior- Conflict Management1567 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Why Conflict is Good-Stop Avoiding It!à ¢â‚¬  To Study the positive aspect of organizational conflicts Abstract When we think of the word â€Å"conflict,† do we generally picture shouting matches, anger, icy stares, or nerve-shattering stressful confrontations? Workplace issues that generates frequent expressions of emotion, frustration and anger is conflict. But not all conflict is bad! Conflict is always difficult, but it leads to growth and change, which is good. No one likes pain, but pain wakesRead MoreOrganizational Conflict in a Formal Organization Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Conflict in a Formal Organization The above subject matter cannot be discussed without first elucidating on the key subjects viz: ‘conflict’ and ‘formal organization’. The oxford dictionary of current English describes conflict as a lack of agreement between opinions another school of thought sees conflict as ‘a state of dysfunctionality in a system’. What ever the case, conflict occurs in our everyday life either within a person when faced with problemRead MoreThe Concept of Intra-Union Conflict1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of intra-union conflict is not much different from that of intra-group or intra-organizational conflict. However, before we delve into that argument, it is essential that we consider an authoritative view of the subject matter from the International Labour Organization (ILO). The ILO (2006) states that ‘Conflicts within the trade union movement’ is â€Å"A matter involving no dispute between the government and the trade unions, but which involves a conflict within the trade union movementRead MoreMy Assessment On Business Ethics Online Discussion On Board1504 Words   |  7 Pagesethics ïÆ'Ëœ bounded ethicality ïÆ'Ëœ conflict of interest I n this activity shows what are loop hole between employs and originations and how personality affect in work place. I have some personal experience on work place and right down it .For my thinking is every Company or origination have monitoring system to keep looking what s going on inside the work place and how to manage it. my assessment based on three topics ,behavioral ethics, bounded ethicality, conflict of interest Ethics behaviorRead MoreCommunication Between Managers And Other Employees981 Words   |  4 Pagessupervisors and managers come together to create plans, strategies and goals for the organization this can be communicated by email, conferences in person and online video conferences as well as over the phone communication. Guru Kishore Nayak writes, â€Å"Planning is also distinguished from the strategies, with plans being more general and at a higher level of analysis (Nayak, 2014). Organizing a plan and having a good system is place is best implemen ted by making sure everyone is on one accord and thatRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Business Ethics1431 Words   |  6 Pages BUSINESS ETHICS INTRODUCTION:- Presentation Ethics are exceptionally regular and essential good esteem that helps us to take the right choice where we think that it hard to pick between our own advantages and the correct thing to do. We are going to talk about three sections of morals Behavioral morals, Bounded ethicality and last one is irreconcilable situation. As from the names of these parts of morals, its verging on clarifying the significance of it. It clarifies why great individualsRead MoreOrganizational Program Design Project Design1466 Words   |  6 PagesOGM in Healthcare MPH 543 October, 2014 Concordia University, Nebraska Abstract Majority of the organizations today are challenged by issues that test the strength and the ability of the organization; challenges that require strategic ways of thinking and effective leadership skill sets. In our present age of strategic dynamic change, it is critical that the managers and the leaders of organizations understand the source, cause of the evolving issues and develops the appropriate skills and strategiesRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe most important point is that conflict in organizations is increasing as they become more complex, culturally diverse, and global. Conflict has been thought of as necessary at times to keep the wheels of progress turning. Therefore, concentration on conflict in organizations has went from strategies to try to eliminate it to managing it. One issue is training managers how to manage that conflict. Conflict can be detrimental or beneficial to the organization. In order to be benefi cial, leadersRead MoreConflict Between The Workplace And A Functioning Group959 Words   |  4 PagesConflict in the workplace can either be constructive or destructive to a functioning group or unit. Conflict is defined as a process that begins when one party perceives another party has or is about to negatively affects something the first party cares about (Robbins Judge, 2013). It is also believed that it is possible for someone to move into an authoritative position due to avoiding conflict, but their advancement usually stalls. In the past, I worked for a busy organization as an administrativeRead MoreEssay on Tough Guy Case Study1652 Words   |  7 Pagesaddresses the differences between the interests, ideas and thinking of two people and between groups. Each individual experience conflict in his day to day life . This paper consists of investment banking career and issues faced by an employee from his superior. In an organization, it is very important to emphasize on the conflict management as conflicts in an organization have its own pros and cons The paper explains root causes for the issues and criteria for finding the solution for the problem