Advantages of Employing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy :: Psychology, Anxiety

Advantages of Employing CBT Fundamentally, CBT is a collaborative project between patient and therapist. In CBT, both patient and therapist are as active as each other. Patients are helped by the therapist to attain knowledge of their problem, in terms of the real experience of the problem and also the ways by which it interacts with and affects their lives. Therapist and patient both collaborate to find the best explanation for the situation and solution to the problem (Haaga & Beck, 1992). CBT therapists are actively engaged with their patients. It is believed that they may talk with their patients more than other therapeutic approaches (Graham, 2005). Another advantage of CBT is that it is a problem-oriented approach (Westbrook, Kennerley, & Kirk, 2007). In CBT, problems are addressed in a practical way and not in ambiguous or general terms. There is a focus on an achievable outcome and goal. Therapy is designed to tackle that specific problem rather than trying to solve all the problems at once. Goals should be ‘SMART’, i.e. be: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and have a Time farm (a date for completion) (Beck et al, 1979). Examples of the real life experience will clarify the situation. For example, if patient suffers from depression, the therapist would ask he/she to describe exactly how he/ she feels and how this problem has affected his/her life. It helps the patient identify the underlying reason to why certain behaviours occur or why the feelings are there. Compared to most psychological therapeutic approaches, CBT is more structured (Brewin, 1996).For example in the beginning of each session the therapist and patient would set an agenda for what they should do in the session and they would try to stick to it. Another benefit of employing CBT could be the fact that there is the relative lack of side effects which medications would cause (March et al, 2004). One of the main advantages of CBT is that this approach is time-limited and brief. It is usually between six to twenty sessions (Fairburn et al, 1987). Since CBT is time-limited, the patient is aware of this limitation and this may result in developing more motivation in the patient. On the other hand, by observing quick changes and progresses, the patient would be more encouraged and motivated and optimistic about the outcome of therapy. Because CBT is short term so it is more cost effective for both patient and therapist.

Biochemistry perspective Essay

Diabetes is an ailment which is caused due to high amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. The main reason for high glucose levels in blood is due to the inability of body to utilize it properly. Glucose comes from the digestion of sugar and foods rich in carbohydrates that enable the liver to create glucose. The high concentration level of glucose in blood is termed as Hyperglycemia. In 1910, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer suggested people with diabetes were deficient in a single chemical that was normally produced by the pancreas. He proposed calling this substance insulin. The term is derived from the Latin insula, meaning island, in reference to the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce insulin. (Patlak, 2002) Insulin: An Introduction Insulin is a polypeptide containing 51 amino acids arranged in two chains. The chain A contains 21 amino acids and chain B contains 30 residues. These two chains are cross linked by two sulphur bridges by cysteine residues. Insulin is formed by proteolytic cleavage of its 84 amino acid prescursor Proinsulin. Insulin has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. It has the molecular formula C257H383N65O77S6. Insulin structure varies slightly between species. Its carbohydrate metabolism regulatory function strength in humans also varies. Porcine which is pig insulin is close to humans. The image above is computer-generated image of insulin hexamers. The zinc ions holding it together and the histidine residues are involved in zinc binding. Insulin Action A pharmacological action of insulin includes carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, lipid metabolism and other actions. Insulin increases the use of sugar in the tissue and stimulates transportation of glucose into the cells. Insulin also stimulates protein synthesis and growth. It increases synthesis of messenger RNA and decreases gluconeogenesis. A gluconeogenesis is a formation of glucose from glycogen. It also increases amino acid uptake in the muscle. In adipose tissues, insulin increases fatty acid synthesis, glycerol phosphate synthesis and triglyceride deposition. Other action of insulin includes prevention of ketone boy formation and increases potassium uptake. After the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cell into the interstitial compartment, it enters the circulation after crossing endothelial barrier. Insulin action effect at the cellular level is achieved by activating and suppressing the activity of enzyme. It can also be achieved by changing the rate of synthesis of enzymes at the level of transcription and translation. Insulin stimulate glucose uptake into fat cells by glucose transporters. Glucose transporters are small vesicles which contain specific protein macromolecules. Insulin increases the rate of fusion of these vesicles with the plasma membrane, and activates the transporters to transfer glucose across the plasma membrane into the cell. Insulin synthesize hoxokinase, an enzyme which phosporylates glucose as soon as it enters the cell. Insulin is an anabolic hormone. It encourages the storage of fats and the synthesis of proteins. Each receptor of insulin contain a pair of alpha subunits, which are located on the outer surface of the membrane, and a pair of beta subunits which crosses the membrane and stick out at both the outer and inner surfaces. Both alpha and beta subunits are held together by disulphide (S-S) bonds to form an aggregate. In humans, the insulin receptor gene is located on chromosome 19. Insulin binds to the receptor at a specific site on the alpha subunit. This causes increased phosphorylation of the receptor by ATP, mostly tyrosine residues of the intracellular portion of the beta subunit. Increased phophorylation of these tyrosine residues activates the beta subunit to function as a kinase enzyme. Some intracellular effects of insulin that occur after insulin-receptor binding may be mediate through nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins) a family of proteins associated with the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Cyclic AMP also has some intracellular effects of insulin. The major function of insulin is to counter the concerted action of a number of hyperglycemia-generating hormones and to maintain low blood glucose levels. Because there are numerous hyperglycemic hormones, untreated disorders associated with insulin generally lead to severe hyperglycemia and shortened life span. In addition to its role in regulating glucose metabolism, insulin stimulates lipogenesis, diminishes lipolysis, and increases amino acid transport into cells. Insulin also modulates transcription, altering the cell content of numerous mRNAs. It stimulates growth, DNA synthesis, and cell replication, effects that it holds in common with the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and relaxin. Specific protease activity cleaves the center third of the molecule, which dissociates as C peptide, leaving the amino terminal B peptide disulfide bonded to the carboxy terminal A peptide. Insulin secretion from beta cells is principally regulated by plasma glucose levels. Increased uptake of glucose by pancreatic b-cells leads to a concomitant increase in metabolism. The increase in metabolism leads to an elevation in the ATP/ADP ratio. This in turn leads to an inhibition of an ATP-sensitive K+ channel. The net result is a depolarization of the cell leading to Ca2+ influx and insulin secretion. In fact, the role of K+ channels in insulin secretion presents a viable therapeutic target for treating hyperglycemia due to insulin insufficiency. Insulin, secreted by the beta-cells of the pancreas, is directly infused via the portal vein to the liver, where it exerts profound metabolic effects. These effects are the response of the activation of the insulin receptor which belongs to the class of cell surface receptors that exhibit intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity as shown in the figure. Insulin produces its action through specific insulin receptors which consist of two subunits ? and ?. Insulin receptor complex then initiates a chain of biochemical reaction involving cAMP, protein phosphorylase, protein kinase, phosphatase and lipase. A diabetic condition result when receptor of insulin is desensitization. Therefore, Insulin is used medically in diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on insulin (commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because they make no hormone. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have either low insulin production or insulin resistance or both. Therefore, they require insulin administration when other medications become inadequate in controlling blood glucose levels. Actions of insulin-insulin receptor interactions at the level of IRS1 and activation of the kinase cascade leading to altered activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. The insulin receptor is a heterotetramer of 2 extra cellular alpha-subunits disulfide bonded to 2 transmembrane beta-subunits. With respect to hepatic glucose homeostasis, the effects of insulin receptor activation are specific phosphorylation events that lead to an increase in the storage of glucose with a concomitant decrease in hepatic glucose release to the circulation. Only those responses at the level of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are represented. This image shows Insulin-insulin receptor actions on glycogen homeostasis showing the role of protein targeting glycogen, PTG in complex formations involving many of the enzymes and substrates together. Also diagrammed is response of insulin at the level of glucose transport into cells via GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. GS/GP kinase = glycogen synthase: glycogen phosphorylase kinase. PPI = protein phosphatase inhibitor. Arrows denote either direction of flow or positive effects, T lines represent inhibitory effects. In most nonhepatic tissues, insulin increases glucose uptake by increasing the number of plasma membrane glucose transporters: GLUTs. Glucose transporters are in a continuous state of turnover. Increases in the plasma membrane content of transporters stem from an increase in the rate of recruitment of new transporters into the plasma membrane, deriving from a special pool of preformed transporters localized in the cytoplasm. GLUT1 is present in most tissues, GLUT2 is found in liver and pancreatic b-cells, GLUT3 is in the brain and GLUT4 is found in heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. In liver glucose uptake is dramatically increased because of increased activity of the enzymes glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase (PK), the key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis. Lack of Insulin Usually the inefficiency and lack of insulin are bracketed together, as both situations result in diabetes. There are two types of diabetes, diabetes insipidus and diabetes melitus, which is by far, the most common. Diabetes mellitus in turn has two types: Type 1, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM Type 1 is characterized by decreased productions of insulin so must be treated with insulin. It is most often found in children and adolescents. Type 2, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes melitus, NIDDM Type 2 is caused by either decreased insulin production or abnormal cell sensitivity to the insulin that is present. It may be treated with diet alone, with oral hypoglycemic agents, or with insulin. It is more commonly diagnosed in adults. (Perspective Press, 240-43) Insulin does not cure diabetes. It is merely a treatment for the diabetes. Over time, many complications can occur in diabetic patients taking insulin. Some of these are coronary heart diseases, peripheral vascular diabetes, eye disorders, renal failure, and limb amputations. Because of reduced circulation and nerve damage, diabetic patients are essentially prone to developing foot ulcers, a major cause of amputations. They are able to feel foot infections, which allow it to grow and cause permanent damage. Proper foot care is essential and includes avoiding injuries oral restricting circulations, cleaning wounds, controlling infections, relieving weight from the ulcer area, and improving circulation. A new genetically engineered drug, becaplermin, promotes the healing process in diabetic foot ulcer. Lack of insulin or ineffectiveness of it may trigger some response from the body. The predominant tissue responding to signals that indicates fluctuating blood glucose levels is the liver. One of the most important functions of the liver is to produce glucose for circulation. Both elevated and reduced levels of blood glucose trigger hormonal responses to initiate pathways designed to restore glucose homeostasis. Low blood glucose triggers release of glucagon from pancreatic Alpha-cells. High blood glucose triggers release of insulin from pancreatic Beta-cells. In elderly people pancreas either fails or does not secrete right amount of insulin. In this patient insulin per injection becomes drug of choice when oral antidiabetics have failed. Insulin was also used to induce shocks in schizophrenics. Insulin secretion is controlled by concentrations circulating glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, various hormones and neuron-transmitter agents. In the fasting state, when glucose concentrations are low, insulin secretion is minimal. As glucose concentrations rise after the utilizing carbohydrates meal the raised glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion. Insulin resistance develops over time. Therefore, doses have to be increased. This occurs because of the development of insulin antibodies in the blood. This also can be somewhat corrected by changing the type of insulin injection and by giving cortiscosteroids which are immunity suppressant drugs. Yet, it also produces negative effect by increasing blood sugar and this is why they are not used. Types of Insulin There are many types of insulin and many salt forms of it. It can be derived synthetically of from different animal sources such as beef and pork. There is now genetically engineered human insulin available. Different insulin differs in the onset of action and the duration of action. Some are mixed together to achieve a desired effect such as a quick onset but a longer duration of action. The most common mixtures is regular insulin with NPH insulin (70units NPH and 30 units regular insulin per milliliter) The different categories of insulin’s are: 1. Short-acting insulin types: regular insulin (crystalline zinc insulin), semilente insulin (prompt insulin zinc suspension), insulin lipsor; 2. Intermediate – acting insulin types: NPH (isophane insulin suspension) and linte insulin (insulin zinc suspension); 3. Long-acting insulin types: PZI (protamine zinc insulin suspension) and ultralente insulin (extended insulin zinc suspension). Administration Insulin is injection instead of giving orally because it is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Also, the molecule is too large to be absorbed by the intestinal membrane. Therefore, injection of soluble crystalline insulin is given by subcutaneous injection which is quickly absorbed. Peak effects of insulin are achieved quickly and also excreted quickly within a few hours. However some insulin such as simelente is absorbed slowly. The peak is reached slowly and is sustained. This type of insulin excretion is also very slow and sometimes partly destroyed by insulinase enzyme in the liver. Controlling glucose level with insulin injections is a complex task since: a) Glucose concentrations fluctuate based on food ingestion. b) Cell sensitivity to insulin changes. Exercise increases sensitivity while stress, pregnancy, and some drug decrease insulin sensitivity. As a result some diabetic patients take multiple injections for a short-acting insulin preparation to produce peaks in insulin concentrations and a long acting formulation to establish a baseline concentration. Variable rate infusion pumps are also used. Patients who use insulin need to be instructed on the rotation method of taking their medication. Insulin is absorbed more rapidly with administration in the arm or thigh, especially with exercise. The abdomen is used for more consistent absorption. Glucose levels should be checked as per physician orders. All insulin must be checked for expiration date and clarity of the solution. Insulin should not be given if it appears cloudy. Vials should not be shaken but rotated in between the hands to mix contents. If regular insulin is to be mixed with NPH or lente insulin, the regular insulin should be drawn into the syringe first. Unopened vials should be stored in the refrigerator, and freezing should be avoided. The vial in use can be stored at room temperature. Vials should not be put in glove compartments, suitcase, or trunks. Humulin is a new type of insulin and is often the patient’s preference because it can be taken orally. It is imperative that the physician be called if any adverse reactions to the medications are observed. (Jahangir Moini, P 150-154) Undesirable Effects Insulin The main undesirable effect of insulin is hypoglycemia. This is common, and can cause brain damage. Intensive insulin therapy results in a threefold increase in severe hypoglycemia. The treatment of hypoglycemic is to take a sweet drink or snack, or, if the patient is unconscious, to give intravenous glucose (50% w/v solution) or intramuscular glucagon. Rebound hypergly (Somogyi effect) can follow excessive insulin administration. This results from the release of the insulin-opposing or counter-regulatory hormones in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This can cause hypercemia before breakfast following an unrecognized hypoglycemic attack during sleep in the early hours of the morning. It is essential to recognize this possibility to avoid the mistake of increasing (rather than reducing) the dose of insulin in this situation. Allergy to insulin is unusual but may take the form of local or systemic reactions. Severe insulin resistance as a consequence of antibody formation is rare. A high tire of circulating anti-insulin antibodies is more likely to occur with bovine than with porcine insulin. Note, however, that virtually all patients treated with animal insulin have antibodies against the hormone, albeit usually flow. Human insulin is less immunogenic than animal insulin but may still evoke an antibody response, since the source of the hormone is not the only determinant of immunogenicity; insulin undergo physical changes before and after injection which can increase their potential for provoking an immune response. (HP Rang et al, 200-270) References 1. Patlak M. 2002. â€Å"New weapons to combat an ancient disease: treating diabetes†. Available on http://www. fasebj. org/cgi/content/full/16/14/1853e 2. Perspective Press. 2003. â€Å"The Pharmacy Technician† 1st edition: Morton Publishers. P 240- 243. 3. Jahangir Moini. 2005. â€Å"Comprehensive Exam Review for the Pharmacy Technician†: Thomson Delmar. P 150-154 4. H. P. Rang, M. Maureen Dale, James M. Ritter, Philip Moore. 2001. â€Å"Pharmacology†: Churchill Livingstone. P 200-270

Conflict in Organizations, Good or Bad - 2729 Words

Conflict in organizations is not bad. Discuss. Organizational conflict is a state of discord caused by an actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together. Conflict takes many forms in organizations. There is the inevitable clash between formal authority and power and those individuals and groups affected. There are disputes over how revenues should be divided, how the work should be done and how long and hard people should work (team and relationship conflict). There are jurisdictional disagreements among individuals, executives, managers, teams, departments, and between unions and management. There are subtler forms of conflict involving rivalries, jealousies, personality†¦show more content†¦When a bad conflict worsens it becomes an ugly conflict. Ugly conflicts occurs where the manager (and perhaps employees) attempt to eliminate or suppress conflict in situations where it is impossible to do so. Ugly conflicts in organizations occur when: conflicts run for years, people have given up on resolving and addressing conflict problems, there is a good deal of private â€Å"bitching† and complaining but little attempt to fix the problem and when staff show little interest in working to achieve common goals, but spend more time and energy on protecting themselves Under these circumstances there is a tendency to look to the manager or formal leader as being responsible for the mess. In fact, that is how most employees would look at the situation. It is true that managers and supervisors play critical roles in determining how conflict is handled in the organization, but it is also true that the avoidance of these ugly conflicts must be a shared responsibility. Management and employees must work together in a cooperative way to reduce them, and increase the likelihood that conflict can be channeled into an effective force for change. The functional (good) view of organizational conflict sees conflict as a productive force, one that can stimulate members of the organization to increase their knowledge and skills, and their contribution to organizational innovation and productivity. Unlike the position mentionedShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior- Conflict Management1567 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Why Conflict is Good-Stop Avoiding It!à ¢â‚¬  To Study the positive aspect of organizational conflicts Abstract When we think of the word â€Å"conflict,† do we generally picture shouting matches, anger, icy stares, or nerve-shattering stressful confrontations? Workplace issues that generates frequent expressions of emotion, frustration and anger is conflict. But not all conflict is bad! Conflict is always difficult, but it leads to growth and change, which is good. 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Enquiry Concerning the Priniciples of Morals Essays

In his Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, Hume offers up a number of virtues and qualities which are valued for any of four reasons: they are useful to the individual, useful to society, agreeable to the individual, or agreeable to society. One of the qualities which Hume elucidates is justice. This quality, however, according to Hume, is valued solely for its usefulness and not upon any agreeability to anyone. Hume explains his position thusly. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hume imagines a scenario in which all things are both readily available and easy to obtain. In this situation, he says, justice is worthless, as there would be no squabbling or conflict over property rights, as replacing that which someone takes from you is†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To proceed in Hume’s own order, we must first examine the example of the Golden Age, the situation when all things are easily obtained. In this situation, Hume argues, the need for justice would be gone, as anything taken from you can be easily replaced. There are, however, numerous examples of this being entirely incorrect. Take, for example, Hume’s statement that this even applies to land, when it is in extreme abundance. However, you recall the Kansas Land Rush of 1889. In this situation, land was in the millions of acres, all waiting to be had, and yet dozens were killed over one small parcel of it. Jealousy and envy are not dispelled by mere abundance. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A troubling factor in Hume’s explanations of justice is that they all entail property justice. And what a small part of justice that is! In Hume’s utopia, then, a man whose wife leaves him for another would merely shrug his shoulders and go order a new one? And what consideration would be given, in absence of â€Å"useful† justice, to a man who was stabbed in an argument? Mere abundance of resources is hardly a thing to alleviate all problems. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The second example I discarded immediately, and I will explain more fully for my reasons in doing so. By creating a world in which there is absolute benevolence, Hume has

A Study On The Land Of Israel - 1079 Words

Mrs. Remi Awolowo Introduction Life Research focuses on addressing an issue or asking and answering a question or solving a problem using systemic inquisitive approach (Hopkins, 2002). This research paper would explore the life, times, and actions of Deborah to demonstrate her significance in the land of Israel in about 1300 B.C. Deborah led Israel as a prophetess and judge. During her time God allowed Israelites to be oppressed so that the people could turn back to Him. It was during this time that Deborah emerged as a charismatic leader that led Israelites spiritually and politically. (Poorman Richards, 2003). Body Times During her time, the king of Hazor was very powerful and he oppressed the tribes of Northern Israel. Joshua in his ability destroyed Hazor but the Canaanites rebuilt the city and they became powerful. Also, the military leader during her time was Sisera among the people of Hazor and he was feared by the Israelites. Ironically, Israel was not as formidable as the people of Hazor but Deborah decided to encourage Israelites to go to war. As a result of her position, Israelites agreed and gathered 10,000 men to confront Canaanites. In Judges 5:4, God gave Israel the needed support to defeat their enemies, Hazor was destroyed and bible records that Northern Israel had peace for forty years (Poorman Richards, 2003). Deborah was also noted as the person judging Israel. She was active and commanding throughout the land. She gave the interpretation ofShow MoreRelatedThe Bible And The Wiersbe Bible Commentary Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesreading of the NIV Study Bible and the Wiersbe Bible Commentary. I will write my response to the reading from Deuteronomy in the NIV Study Bible and Wiersbe Bible Commentary. Obedience God stresses the importance of obedience all through Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy starts with Moses retelling of how Israel delivered from oppression by God. 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Why did the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s Free Essays

string(61) " react to demonstrations in the same way as Connor or Clark\." The following will examine why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s. The difficulties that the civil rights movement experienced included violence, hard to solve problems, failure in Chicago and different organisations fighting. In this essay I will be discussing how these complications run into difficulties in the 1960’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first cause for the difficulties was that president Jonson ignored a report. The report that he did ignore was the cornel report. The government had to act due to the riots. So president Johnson starts an enquiry, the enquiry finished in 1967 which was called the cornel report. The conclusion of the report was the reasons for the violence are because of the social and economic problems which occurred in the ghettos. This requires money to solve problems, which means the government has to intervene. However president Johnson ignored the report, this caused violence to increase. The reason why he chose to ignore the report was due to the fact that the elections where taking place and so he wanted the white citizens vote, furthermore if he is seen as being of assistance to the black citizens then he will be considered as a communist which will cause him to lose more votes. To summarise why the civil rights movements run into difficulties in the 1960’s was because the president ignored the report as he was only thinking about himself, this can be portrayed as being self absorbed and due to this it resulted in additional violence. I think that this is quite important because it displays the president’s selfishness. The second cause of these difficulties was that the government took money for the Vietnam war. This money was taken from the ghettos which was meant to be used to assist deprived African Americans but later the president decided to use it to invest guns, tanks, food, bombs ect which where required for the war. The relationship between Martin Luther King and the government begun to lead to a disappointing out come. Their relationship conducted to this consequence due to the fact that Martin Luther King begun to get increasingly angry as black Americans where not getting the assistance which was required, therefore he felt as though he had to say something to President Johnson but Martin Luther King was in dichotomy as he did want to tell the president that only when a war is taking place, Black Americans are considered equal but in reality they are not equal also there is no reason for America to get involved in the war so why is the government using the money that can be used to help poor African Americans in the ghettos. On the other hand he didn’t want to criticise the government because Martin Luther King believed that no further action or change will occur if he treats the government in this manner. In April 1967, Martin Luther King launched a scaling attack on President Johnson where he crucified him verbally by saying that the war was uncivilised; it took money away from where it was essential in addition black Americans cannot be considered equal when the government wants them to be equal. The presidents reaction to this was to make sure that no further assistance is given to Martin Luther King due to the criticism and the money went to the war and not the ghettos. To summarise why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s was due to the fact that the Vietnam war required money and the only place where money could have been obtained was from the ghettos which was supposedly meant to help underprivileged African Americans, however Martin Luther King disliked this idea therefore he criticised the president and due to this disapproval, the president decided not to allow any further change. I think that this is more important than the president ignoring the report, as it displays that one cause of the difficulties was because the president got criticised and therefore he did not want to give any additional assistance for the future. The third cause was that the black citizens rejected Martin Luther King in the North. This was because he didn’t understand that people are not concerned with formal desegregation or right to vote. They were concerned with social and economic problems which displayed no signs of preventions. In addition the people knew little about Martin Luther King’s exploits and achievements in the South. They didn’t share his Christian outlook and where less religious than he is also they where less convinced with the idea of a non-violent protest. To summarise why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s was because people in the North have not heard about Martin Luther King, they didn’t understand what he has managed to achieve in the South. They only knew that changes happened in the South due to crisis being occurred, which where displayed in the media. The media did not demonstrate that Martin Luther King had caused these crisis to arise so that action will take place and therefore this lead to the rejection of Martin Luther King in the North. I think that this is very important than the government taking money from the ghettos because it shows that Martin Luther King was prepared to make change occur but the Northerners rejected him. The fourth cause was Martin Luther King’s incorrect tactics in Chicago. In January 1966 Martin Luther King took his strategies of non violence to the north to try to address the problem of segregation. Chicago was selected as the target. There were major problems to overcome in making this conversion from the south to the north. Martin Luther King had not fully thought through the tactics he intended to utilize and Richard Daley, the Mayor of Chicago, was unlikely to react to demonstrations in the same way as Connor or Clark. You read "Why did the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s?" in category "Papers" The divisions between the SCLC and the local Chicago activists made organisation complicated. The demonstrators entered an all White area called Marquet Park, they were faced by racist abuse and cruelty. In the face of the disturbances, Daley made vague commitments to promoting integrated housing, but the reality was that little changed in Chicago. In the aftermath of his failure in Chicago, Martin Luther King turned in other directions. His concerns became increasingly focused on the economic plight of the poor of all races and at the time of his death in 1968 he was planning a â€Å"Poor People’s March†. in the meantime, the civil rights movement had moved in new and different directions. Due to all the chaos caused, Martin Luther King was portrayed as a nazi and communist. He believed that even though there wasn’t a positive outcome, he managed to gain moral high ground however he didn’t understand that even this was not achieved as the citizens of the north where not going to stay quite. To summarise the reason why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in 1960’s was due to the fact that Martin Luther King did not understand the social and economic problems in the north he only believed that racism was present and because of this the social and economic problems had taken place, but this was not the reason, the reason why there where social and economic problems was because of the poverty trap which had prevented the African Americans from getting a well paid job that can support them as well as their families. I think that this reason is more important than the previous factor because it illustrates that the citizens in the north had rejected Martin Luther King as they didn’t understand who he was and therefore moral high ground was not obtained which lead to the chaos created in Chicago. The final cause of the difficulties was the rise of black power. There had been divisions in the civil rights movement since its inception. These gained in pace in the mid-1960’s. the ideas of Black Power did not form a coherent ideology in the same way as Martin Luther king’s ideas of non violence. Martin Luther King’s tactics had been a valid strategy in the context of the legal racism of the south and had operated to undermine the discrimination. It had been clear from the events in Chicago that these methods were not relevant to the problems of discrimination in the north. Therefore, northern black Americans were looking for ideas that were appropriate to their position and Black Power seemed to offer answers to their social, economic and political problems. Many of the ideas Black power were derived from the teachings of Malcolm X. e had been involved in pretty much a lot of crime as a young man, but whilst in jail he had converted to Islam, changed his name from Malcolm Little and had become a member of the Nation if Islam. He was an inspirational speaker and his ideas included the following elements: a belief that blacks should distance themselves from white society and not attempt the integration advocated by Martin Luther King and his followers. He believed that blacks should develop their own organisations and self-help completely separate from those of white society. These ideas of segregation were derived from Marcus Garvey whom Malcolm X’s parents had admired. A belief that non-violence in the face of white aggression was not an appropriate response. He argued that when blacks were faced with white oppression then armed self-defence was permissible. However, although he preached this position, he himself never directly engaged in violence, which was led to come debate as to whether he was merely using the language of violence to achieve concessions from the authorities. In 1964 Malcolm X parted from the Nation of Islam and was assassinated the following year by members of the Nation of Islam. In 1966, James Meredith decided to march from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi in an attempt to encourage voter registration under the new Voting Rights Act. Meredith was shot by an unknown assailant and unable to continue the march. A number of black organisations decided to complete the march. These included SCLC, SNCC, CORE, NAACP and the National Urban League. Events reinforced the divisions between these various groups: NAACP and the National Urban League did not participate because of disagreements with the SNCC. Other divisions also emerged between the SCLC and SNCC and CORE. A month before the Meredith March, Stokeley Carmichael had become the new leader of SNCC. Under his leadership, SNCC was to become increasingly radical. As the March made its way through Tennessee and Mississippi, two rivals sets of slogans begun to be chanted. Followers of the SCLC maintained their call from â€Å"Freedom Now†, but increasingly, the shout of â€Å"Black Power† could be heard from the SNCC and CORE supporters. There Meredith March therefore marked a shift from the non-violent tactics of Martin Luther King to a more radical phase of action. To summarise why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s was due to Black Power because they where seen as an influential organisation that was able to obtain requirements for equal rights by using violence. The use of the violence inflicted an assortment of riots and chaos in the towns which resulted the civil rights movement into a failure. I think that this is the most important cause and that it is more important than Martin Luther King’s incorrect tactics because due to the Black Power Martin Luther King’s march in Chicago was seen useless as the black Americans believed that their rights cannot be attained by the use of non violence so therefore they turned to violent actions which showed that they can get what ever want by using violence. In conclusion, the reason why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s was due to various factors. These factors included president Johnson ignoring reports because he wanted the white Americans to vote for him and if he was seen assisting the African Americans then he will be considered as a communist this will result in him gaining less votes; lack of government action was the second factor, as the government used the money for the Vietnam war that was preliminary meant to be used for the ghettos. Martin Luther King disliked this idea and therefore criticised the president, and then the president came to the decision of not assisting the black Americans again because he got criticised due to his actions; the third factor was that the black northerners rejected Martin Luther King and they did not follow his idea of moral high ground which lead to violent in the towns; Martin Luther King’s incorrect tactics in Chicago was the fourth factor, as he didn’t understand that the poverty trap caused the social and economic problems and not due to racism and the final cause was Black Power, as Malcolm X said that you have to fight for what you want. Malcolm X didn’t exactly say that violence will obtain what is required but this implies that by the use of violence you can get what you want. All these factors display why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s it also gives the historian additional information about the influential figure s of 1960’s America. 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Competitive For Companies Information Technology †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About the Competitive Advantages for Companies Information Technology? Answer: Introduction In past years, wide amount of researches has been conducted on the impact of the Information Technology on supply chain performance and relationship. That issue had been discus by use of numerous perspective in the, supply chain(SANDERS, N.R, 2005), marketing(KIM, D et al., 2006), information system (RAI, A et al., 2006)and strategy literature (KIM, S.M and Mahoney, J.T, 2006). In business for performance of firm information technology play important role. With information technology supply chain become more resilient and robust because of providing information flow without undermining efficiency of supply chain. From past few years number of companies those are applying IT system in supply chain management has been increasing rapidly so as they can improves their performance in the global competitive market(BAYRAKTAR, E et al., 2009). Before 1980s flow of information between different functional areas of organization and between members partner of supply chain was based on paper writing. Paper based communication and transaction was slow process. In that period informations was overlooked as a critical competitive resource because value of supply of information to member of supply chain was not clear to the organizations. Capabilities of Information technology provided competitive positioning of initiative of business like implementation, cycle time reduction, implementing redesigned cross functional process. With increasing use of integrated information system and enabling technology, now it is possible for companies to create seamless supply chain link which connects suppliers to customer so as to elimination of poor performance of supplier, uncertain business environment and unpredictable demands of customer(BAYRAKTAR, E et al., 2009). Main objective of information technologies in supply chains management are (PHILP, Kaminsky et al., 2003). Providing information visibility and availability Enables single point of contacts to access data Allow decision based on the total supply chains informations Enable collaboration with partner Some evidence on that issue of future innovative scope of information technology in the supply chains management is still missing and there is need to perform conceptual framework so as to integrates different theoretical perspectives are lack in the literature. Extant literature has widely discussed about role and problem associated with information technology in the supply chains management. Possible innovations in field of IT in supply chain management have been discussed in these papers. Literature review Informational technologies in supply chain management enable the great opportunity, which ranges from the direct benefit of operational to strategic advantages. IT change structure of industries as well as rule of competitions in between industries. Information Technology is keys for supporting organizations to create strategic advantages by means of enabling the centralized a planning of strategic with day by day centralized operation. With use of Information Technology in the supply chains management supply chains became more markets oriented. Famous organization Cisco reported the saving of 500 million dollars by means of restricting its integrating processes and internal operation with customers and suppliers with help of web based tool (BERGER and Andrew, 2000). PG and Wal-Mart states their experience and demonstrate that how they sharing of information can utilize for mutual advantages. Wal-Mart share point of information about sale from its retails outlet with the PG and the other suppliers(ANDERSON et al., 1997). Celestica electronic manufacturing company had applied wed based Information Technology tool so they can regulate their global supply bases (SHORE, B, 2001). Information Technology helps Celestica so as to improve their responsiveness to their customer. This technology helped their customer Dell to maintain their deliveries promised to their end user. Challenge in implementation of IT in the supply chain management Companies those had implemented Information technology in the supply chains management faces change in internal culture that was the requirement of completely redesign supply chain. That was very difficult thing in well organized organization to re-condition the mindset of people that was prevailed from many years. Solution of this trouble which was followed by companies was to implement these changes by knowledgeable and strong leader who have capability to understand available tool for achievement of positive changes, as well as their specific roles in initiates and sustain these changes. Integration of new application with legacy and existing system also creates problems for organizations. Compatible system from perfect vendor facility is also a challenge for management to tackle while implementing information technology in supply chain management. Sharing of data with diverse stakeholder like customers and suppliers, mining and filtering generated data and finding business values of data are also important issues. Disconnection of an enterprise system can lead to create redundancy error of data and this trouble could leads to inefficiencies of business in means of profit or cost. Poor co ordinations between enterprise system lead to increased supply chain pressure, poor customer service and flawed production plan. Lack of shipments and schedules, visibility of order can leads to costly decision making process by administration of an organization. According to (MACLEOD, M, 1994), managers of supply chain rapidly want to automate every component of supply chains from the forecasting to the distributions. They also want to the link each and every elements of supply chain. Approx. every company in current scenario wants integrated solution so as they will be able to see entire the supply chains at single place. If they require to drill downs to the forecast then they should be capable to check demand history (combination of data came from inventory management, warehousing system and sales order processing). According to (OLDENBORGH, M, 1994), ability to reduces human intervention are yet oversee minutely flows of product and part along entire lengths of supply chains can helps in mean of dramatically in the cutting logistic cost and customers satisfaction boosting. For medium organizations in that time of economic recession that clarity in the global distributions remain restricted to the major multinational with the deep pocket and volume large enoughs for justification of hefty initial investments in Information technology that could lead to runs into the million of dollar. According to (TOWILL, D, 1997), To survive, lets alone wins, company should be part of the one/ more supply chain which producing worlds class performances. Hence from it we can conclude that companies have to work together and there is need to optimize compete pipeline by mean of establishing the seamless supply chain to maximum their market shares. This can be just achieve by means of support of holistic chain concept by use of which individual business performance can be radical and significantly improved. Information system and process manufacturer vendor are trying to the development of filter to sift the through barrage of the data from the process controls system to transfer very important information at the high level Information technology systems. Existing IT tools in supply chain management Electronic Data Interchange Bar scanner and coding Enterprise resources planning system Warehouse management system Transportations management system Inventories management system Innovative and new IT solutions for supply chain management Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Need of minimizing supply chain management cost results in the adoption of the radio frequency technology for tracking inventory within the supply chains to the item levels, thus reduces channel volumes and enhance planning and forecasting capability (D'AVANZO, R et al., 2004). Data transmitted provides location or identification informations, or specific about the products tagged, like color, price, purchase date etc.(EPIC, 2002) Software agents Software agents are software systems which have attribute of perception, autonomy and acting on behalves of users. Agent can behaves proactively or autonomously. Intelligence of software agent refer to performing task or action by using the relevant information gathered from different problems solving technique like reasoning, application and influencing specific knowledge(HAAG et al., 2006). Evaluation Managers of supply chains as well as manager of information technology or IT strategist can get potential benefits from these papers. According to previous research build up of successful partnership between companies and IT vendors is very difficult because of leakage of secrets of company. There are dangers of firm falling into the virtuality trap as described by (YAMIN, M and Sinkovics, R.R, 2006). Companies needs to exploits different level of electronic integrations, which is based on the system integration and data consistency so as to gains desired level of coordination, learning and control among their channels partner(TOWILL, D, 1997). It is very difficult for companies to not just only invest in Information technology infrastructure but also to attach it with others resources of organization in orders to establishing embedded in between standardize business process of supply chain and partners. All ITs capability in a company needs special attention to manage maintain effectively, through core techniques and skills. Companies should keep and develop their own cores IT skills in place of using from outsource to third part. Otherwise these are danger of the replication from competitor and loss of the competitive position as described by (MACLEOD, M, 1994). Finally, leveraging Information Technology capability to supports management of an internationals supply chain and achieve competitive advantages is contingent on external environment, culture, internal environments and other countries level environment. Just by development of appropriate and sufficient IT capability to fit externals environment Needs Company can be effectively leverages IT capability to reinforces the channel capabilities and process in the international market in the turn reaps desired benefit as described by (MELVILLE, N et al., 2004). Conclusion Industry trends like outsourcing, globalizing, time, pricing pressure and customizing to market have attracts enterprises to use effective and efficient supply chain management technology techniques, policies and practices. With increasing expectation of customers, companies are forced to focus on development of more and more on specific area to face current competition. If companies have to survive in current scenario with conventional supply management chain then they have to expand it beyond their boundaries to integrate every stake holder. Information tool is very useful in these areas because its quick and easy to access. These papers discuss important role of IT as enabler in the Supply Chains Management. An overview of present alignment of used IT tool like ERP, EDI, bar code, warehouse management are provided in these papers. Number of successful Information Technology implementation in Supply Chain Management like NASA, Intel etc. is described. Basic element of new age and emerging tool like radio frequency identification, software agent is also reviewed in these papers. Companies have to realize about that they should harness powers of the technology so as to collaborate with the business partner. More comparative and comprehensive case study of successful implementations of IT in the Supply Chains Management will be helpful for industries those are still struggling on that area. Future studies should be carry out to examine that how organizations deal with problems and failures associated with Information technology in Supply chain management. References ANDERSON, L DAVID, BRITT et al. 1997. The seven principles of Supply Chain Managment, Logistics Management. Supply Chain Management Review. BAYRAKTAR, E, M DEMIRBAG, Koh LENNY et al. 2009. A casual analysis of the impact of information systems and supply chain managment practices on operational performance: Evidence from amnufacturing SMEs in Turkey. Int. J. production Economics 122., pp.133-149. BERGER and ANDREW. 2000. Five steps to an eSynchronized Supply Chain. D'AVANZO, R, E STARR, and H LEWINSKI. 2004. Supply chain and the bottom line, a critical link. Outlook: Accenture., pp.39-45. EPIC. 2002. Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. [online]. [Accessed 7 May 2017]. Available from World Wide Web: https://epic.org/privacy/rfid/ HAAG, STEPHEN, Amy PHILIPS, and Maeve CUMMINGS. 2006. Management Information systems for the information age. McGraw Hill College., pp.224-228. KIM, D, S.T CAVUSGIL, and R.J CALANTONE. 2006. Information system innovations and supply chain managment: Channel relationaships and firm performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 34(1), pp.40-54. KIM, S.M and J.T MAHONEY. 2006. Mutual commitment to support exchange relation- specific IT system as a substitue for managerial heirarchy. Strategic Managment Journal. 27(5), pp.401-23. MACLEOD, M. 1994. What's new in supply chain software. Purchasing Supply Management., pp.22-5. MELVILLE, N, K KRAEMER, and V GURBAXANI. 2004. Review: Information technology and organizational performance: an intergrative model of IT buisness value. MIS Quarterly. 28(2), pp.283-322. OLDENBORGH, M. 1994. Distribution superhighway. International Buisness. 7(6), pp.80-4. PHILP, Kaminsky, Edith SIMCHI-LEVI, and David SIMCHI-LEVI. 2003. Managing the supply chain: The definitive guide for the buisness professional. Hardcover-12. RAI, A, R PATNAYAKUNI, and N SETH. 2006. Firm performance ompacts of digitally enable supply chain intergration capabilities. MIS Quarterly. 30(2), pp.225-46. SANDERS, N.R. 2005. IT alignment in supply chain relationaships: a study of suppliers benefits. Journal of Supply chain Managmeny. 41(2), pp.4-13. SHORE, B. 2001. Information sharing in global supply chains. Journal of Global Information Technology Management. 4(3), pp.27-46. TOWILL, D. 1997. The seamless supply chain- the predator's strategic advantage. International Journal of Technology Management. 12(1), pp.37-56. YAMIN, M and R.R SINKOVICS. 2006. Online internationalisation, psychic distance reduction and the virtuality trap. International Buisness Review. 15(4), pp.339-60.